DEXA
Bone densitometry is used to measure the bone mineral content and density. This measurement can indicate decreased bone mass, a condition in which bones are more brittle and more prone to break or fracture easily.
Bone densitometry is used primarily to diagnose osteoporosis and to determine fracture risk. The testing procedure measures the bone density of the bones of the spine, pelvis, lower arm, and thigh.
Bone densitometry testing may be done using X-rays, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA) or by quantitative CT scanning using special software to determine bone density of the hip or spine.
However, for mass screening purposes, there are portable types of bone densitometry testing. The portable testing is done using either a DEXA (or DXA) X-ray device or a quantitative ultrasound unit. Both types of portable testing may use the radius (one of the two bones of the lower arm), wrist, fingers, or heel for testing. The portable testing, while useful for general screening, is not as precise as the nonportable methods because only one bone site is tested.
Standard X-rays may detect weakened bones. However, at the point where bone weakness is obvious on standard X-rays, the bone weakness may be too far advanced for treatment to be effective. Bone densitometry testing can determine decreasing bone density and strength at a much earlier stage when treatment of the bone weakness can be beneficial.
Causes of Osteoporosis or Osteopenia:
Osteoporosis is most commonly found in postmenopausal women, where the absence of the hormone estrogen is related to the loss of bone mass. Other conditions that may cause osteoporosis or osteopenia include, but are not limited to, the following:
- Renal (kidney) failure
- Hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid gland)
- Prolonged immobility
- Cushing’s syndrome. A condition in which there is increased production of glucocorticoids by the adrenal glands due to either an adrenal gland tumor or pituitary gland hyperfunction
- Long-term corticosteroid therapy
- Long-term hormone replacement therapy
- GI (gastrointestinal) malabsorption disorder
These conditions affect bone formation due to problems with absorption of certain substances, such as Vitamin D and calcium, which are needed to form strong bones.
Risk Factors for Bone Densitometry Testing
You may want to ask your doctor about the amount of radiation used during the procedure and the risks related to your particular situation. It is a good idea to keep a record of your past history of radiation exposure, such as previous scans and other types of X-rays, so that you can inform your doctor. Risks associated with radiation exposure may be related to the cumulative number of X-ray examinations and/or treatments over a long period of time.
If you are pregnant or suspect that you may be pregnant, you should notify your health care provider. Radiation exposure during pregnancy may lead to birth defects. There may be other risks depending on your specific medical condition. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your doctor prior to the procedure. Certain factors or conditions may interfere with bone densitometry testing. These include, but are not limited to, the following:
- Body piercing
- Hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid gland)
- A barium X-ray within 10 days of testing
- Calcific arthritic sclerosis of the posterior vertebrae
- Calcified abdominal aortic aneurysm
- Healed bone fractures
- Metallic clips from previous abdominal surgery
- Recent bone scans
Reasons for Bone Densitometry Testing:
Bone densitometry testing is primarily performed to identify persons with osteoporosis and osteopenia (decreased bone mass) so that the appropriate medical therapy and treatment can be implemented. Early treatment helps to prevent future bone fractures. It may also be recommended for persons who have already had a fracture and are considered at risk for osteoporosis.
The complications of broken bones resulting from osteoporosis are often severe, particularly in the elderly. The earlier osteoporosis can be identified, the sooner effective treatment can be implemented, thus most likely lessening the severity of the condition.
Bone densitometry testing may also be used:
- To confirm a diagnosis of osteoporosis if you have already had a fracture
- To predict your chances of fracturing in the future
- To determine your rate of bone loss and/or monitor the effects of treatment
There may be other reasons for your doctor to recommend bone densitometry.
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